CASE STUDY: BRAIN-FAG AND SEXUAL IMPOTENCE

My original brain-fag case was that of Mr. Carrington. Carrington held a position of responsibility within the United States government. His job entailed a great deal of detail work and a profound knowledge of several unusual fields. His colleagues had looked upon Carrington as a kind of human computer in the days before computers had in fact taken over such arduous tasks.

Over a period of years, Carrington noticed that his capacity for work was diminishing. He kept a special file on his desk of difficult material. He found that he could only work on this material at the most once a week, when his brain was “in full gear.” During the rest of the time he suffered from what he himself dubbed “brain-fag”—a term he had come across in his wide reading. I was startled by his use of the term brain-lag to describe his illness. When I first heard this word, I thought it was pure slang, but on looking it up in dictionaries, I found that it has been in the English language for a century. 1 have continued to use it, because it is one of the few descriptive terms which has not been “redefined” in psychiatric dictionaries.

Associated with his brain-fag was sexual impotence and malaise. He had more or less lost his sexual drive. The only way he and his wife could have intercourse was if he took two stiff bourbons on a carefully timed schedule. The bourbon would restore his libido for a short while.

Carrington was in the Library of Congress one day, searching for a clue to his “brain-fag,” when he came across the book Food Allergy, which I had co-authored with Drs. Rinkel and Zeller in 1951 and in which I had described allergic fatigue. He went straight to a phone book, called me up, and within thirty-six hours had been admitted to the hospital under my care.

Carrington turned out to be violently susceptible to corn. This did not surprise me, since he was from the South and many of his fellow Southerners are similarly susceptible. This helped explain why he was stimulated by bourbon, in which corn is a principal ingredient. When Carrington avoided corn in all its forms, as well as a few other foods to which he was found to be susceptible, he underwent a transformation. Both his work output and his sexual ability improved immediately, and he was soon leading a normal and productive life.

Brain-fag may go untreated or unrecognized in those who lead a sedentary, noncompetitive life. For those in positions of responsibility, where they must compete with other relatively well individuals, brain-fag can be a disaster. Two cases will illustrate the course of treated and untreated ecologic illness.

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THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF ALLERGIES: FOGGING FOR INSECT ABATEMENT AND WEED CONTROL

We have spoken of insecticides as a source of indoor air pollution. They are also a source of outdoor air pollution, especially in the form of insect and weed abatement programs.

Many people who know themselves to be susceptible to chemicals move to the suburbs or the countryside to escape from the source of their problem. Having moved to what they think is a safe haven, they are sometimes presented with a worse problem: insect abatement. Sometimes rural or suburban residents are “abated” in the dead of night without any prior warning. Large chemical spraying rigs move through the neighborhood, applying poisons to trees, roadsides, and ponds.

Sleeping quietly in bed with the windows open, a susceptible person’s first warning of an abatement rig may be to awake with a strangling cough or even an epilepticlike seizure. I have been called out at night on a number of occasions to resuscitate such people.

Chemically susceptible patients living in areas where these programs exist have to take rather elaborate precautions to guard against such exposures. Some contact the local agencies and ask them for advance notice when their area is to be treated with pesticide sprays. Others flee the area when spraying starts or lock themselves in their homes until the toxic chemicals disperse somewhat.

Yet others attempt to move farther into the country. Sadly, this strategy usually fails, since the abatement programs are often enthusiastically carried out in the rural districts as well. New spraying agencies are continually being formed, or else the escapee runs into trouble with farmers who are spraying for weed and insect control or with foresters spraying their trees. A few of my patients have actually moved back into the city, in order to escape the indiscriminate spraying which is now practiced in the countryside!

It is a sad commentary when people must flee to the polluted cities to escape the even worse pollution of the rural areas. Even a drive in the country is now often perilous for chemically susceptible individuals. One may suddenly encounter roadside weed control programs at any time. If this happens, you are well advised to stop, turn the car around, and escape as quickly as possible. An alternative plan is to close the car windows and breathe through an activated carbon filter, if one is available. Even driving along a recently sprayed roadside or railway right-of-way or through a country area immediately after spraying may trigger reactions.

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CHILDREN’S HEALTH: FREQUENT ILLNESSES

Parents often become concerned that their children are ill too frequently. Sometimes the parents are right, and the child does have some underlying medical problem. But, normally, having many illnesses is not due to any particular problem in the child. Usually, how often a child becomes ill depends on the number of children in the family and the number of diseases each child is exposed to.

Except for accidents and allergies, 95 percent of all illnesses are caused by germs that live exclusively in humans. Most children’s illnesses are caught from other children. Whether a child will catch a disease depends on two factors: whether the child is exposed to the germ and how strong the child’s resistance is.

If your child is frequently ill with different minor illnesses, the illnesses are usually due simply to exposure to many people. As soon as a child begins going to daycare or school, the child is exposed to other children with illnesses. The number of children in a household also is a factor. Mathematically, a four-child family could have 16 times as many childhood illnesses as a one-child family.

A child frequently ill with the same illness may have a defect of local resistance (a lowered resistance to disease in one area of the body). For example, repeated pneumonia in the same part of a lung suggests an abnormality in that area.

A child with frequent major illnesses or frequent complications of minor sicknesses may have a general lack of resistance. This occurs with immune mechanism defects, which hinder the child’s ability to fight infectious diseases. For instance, colds that always end up as croup, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, or pneumonia may indicate an underlying allergy.

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LIVING WITH DIABETES: BLOOD TESTS

The most useful information you can have in the day-to-day control of diabetes is to know how much glucose is present in the blood. This varies so much that it is essential to test frequently and on a regular basis at home. The tests are sometimes called Home Blood Glucose Monitoring.

The test is made on a drop of blood applied to a small test strip. You will need a fine needle or lancet to prick the skin, a small plastic device to ensure that the pricks are painless and easy, a supply of test strips, and for most people a meter to measure the glucose value.

The test is very reliable if it is done exactly correctly. It will give the wrong answer if it is done incorrectly.

Use the correct strip

There are several different types of test strip, and it is essential to use one that is right for the meter that you are using. Test strips must be stored properly. The container must be kept tightly closed at room temperature but not exposed to heat. Test strips should not be used after the expiry date shown on the container. The types of strips commonly used with blood glucose meters are: the AMES Test BG, BM Test BG, Glucostix, BM Test Glycemie 20/800 and Hypoguard GA. strips.

Obtain a large drop of blood

Use a fine lancet such as the Monolet either held in the hand or use an automatic pricking device such as the Autolet, Glucolet, Soft Touch or the Autoclix. You can use the lancet many times on one person, but if you do, you should keep it in spirit between uses and allow it to dry well before you use it.

The fingers are the easiest part to obtain blood. They need to be reasonably clean and must be dry. Do not use a spirit swab.

Warm fingers bleed more easily than cold.

You may do the test anywhere on the last joint of the finger to give a satisfactory drop of blood. It is often easiest to use the tip, but try not to use only the tip as eventually after many years this may lead to some loss of sensation. Try instead to use the edge of the fingers sometimes. Use a different finger each day to give them a rest.

You must get a large drop of blood; not just a smear. It should be applied to the strip by letting it almost fall on it. The strip should then have a drop of blood.

Time is vital

Blood must be on the strip for exactly the right time. The strip contains chemical reagents which react with the blood, and if the blood is on the strip for less than the proper time, the result will read too low. If the blood is on the strip too long, the result will read too high. If you are using a meter, it will have a timer and this will indicate exactly the right time to remove the blood. If you are not using a meter, you will need to time it exactly using a sweep second hand or a digital second timer on your watch or clock.

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DIABETES IN CHILDREN: THE BASIS OF NUTRITION

You should know something about the main food groups which form the basis of good nutrition. These are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. Most foods are mixtures of some or all of these ingredients.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates supply energy for body heat and activity and for growth. The commonest carbohydrates are sugars and starches and it is this group of foods which is quickly absorbed and turned by the digestive process to glucose in the bloodstream. It is therefore especially important to control the quantity of carbohydrates eaten by people with diabetes.

There are numbers of different kinds of carbohydrate. We are particularly concerned with those that are natural and unrefined: cereals, fruits and vegetables. They supply glucose for energy but they also have other important nutrients — vitamins, minerals and fibre. They tend to have a high proportion of starch or complex sugars and these may be more slowly absorbed than the simple sugars.

Differences in the types of carbohydrate are important in choosing food for good nutrition. The diet in diabetes depends on plenty of foods which contain starches and complex sugars because they are more gradually absorbed into the blood stream. The rate of absorption of carbohydrates into the blood is also influenced by food preparation (e.g. cooking a vegetable will increase the rate of absorption, as will juice extraction from fruit). Cane sugar, taken as part of a meal, is absorbed more slowly than when eaten alone as a sweet or in a sweet drink.

Milk contains carbohydrate as lactose (sugar of milk) and so this is also considered as an important source of carbohydrate in childhood.

Fats

Foods containing fats and oils are very concentrated forms of energy for heat and body activities. They can be used as fuel by the body, so these too may be controlled. Examples of foods with a high proportion of fat are butter, cream, margarine, oils and eggs. It is considered by most physicians that excessive quantities of fat in the diet are undesirable.

Proteins

Protein-containing foods are especially important for growth and maintenance of body tissues, so it is especially important that children have ample protein in their diet. Protein may also, to some extent, be used to supply energy by being converted in the body to glucose. Examples of foods with a high content of protein are meat, eggs, fish, cheese and milk.

Vitamins

Vitamins are needed for growth and the efficient running of the body and the maintenance of good health. If a good, well balanced diet is given, adequate vitamins will be provided in the natural foods, and extra vitamins should not be necessary. For example, fresh fruit and vegetables provide vitamin Ñ Milk, eggs, meat and wholegrain cereals provide the  group of vitamins.

Minerals

Minerals such as calcium, iron and many others are also necessary for the efficient running of the body and for growth and maintenance of health. Most of the minerals needed are contained in eggs, milk, meat, fish and vegetables and fruit.

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DIABETES IN ADOLESCENCE: TEENAGERS DON’T ALWAYS OBEY ALL THE RULES

What is particularly worrying for some parents is the way teenagers with diabetes don’t seem to keep to the rules of proper care for diabetes. It is not easy for a teenager to keep to a strict medical regimen, and most fail to keep really good diabetic control in their early adolescent years. If it is a difficult time for them, it is often an anxious time for their parents.

In early teenage, almost all young people break their diet some of the time. Many don’t manage to keep to a food plan at all even though their mothers may provide a balanced meal with the correct exchanges. The teenager has strong drives to eat and drink at times other than usual mealtimes, and an overriding appetite may defeat even the best intentions. Eating and drinking are social activities, and it is hard to avoid having the wrong food and drinks when you are with friends. There have been a number of studies made on adolescent eating habits, and these confirm what most mothers of teenagers know very well. Many teenagers like to skip breakfast or lunch. Most teenagers have a high proportion of their food as snacks between meals particularly in late afternoon and in the evening. Teenagers often develop strong likes and dislikes and many take strong exception to the family meals which their parents provide. There is considerable reliance on take-away food which can be eaten quickly with friends. It would be unreasonable to expect teenagers with diabetes to be different in any of these ways from teenagers who do not have diabetes. It is not surprising then that a regulated meal plan prescribed for diabetes will be quite unacceptable for some teenagers and for others there will be times when social demands will override dietetic considerations.

Teenagers usually dislike blood tests, and some go through a period of not doing them. If they think this will distress their parents or their doctor, they even make up results. In a recent survey of teenagers attending our adolescent clinic for diabetes, half said that they sometimes made up their blood test results when they wrote them down.

Some teenagers resent parents supervising their diabetic care – even though it is only too obvious that some supervision is needed! Attempts by parents to advise or give gentle reminders about blood tests or meals on time may be met with accusations of nagging and interference. All this may make parents confused and upset and worried: how much can they sit back and watch their child neglect his health and risk complications of diabetes in later life?

Perhaps it is helpful to understand the reason for this contrary behaviour which is so common in adolescence.

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DIABETES IN CHILDREN: YOUR OWN FEELINGS ABOUT DIABETES

How do you feel yourself about diabetes?

As a parent, you may want to consider quite carefully what attitude you should adopt towards your child who has diabetes. Before you can do this, you may first want to consider your own feelings about diabetes. Probably you felt considerably distressed when you first learnt your child had this condition. This is natural and you should discuss diabetes fully with your doctor at this time. However with realization that diabetes can be treated successfully, and the sight of your child returning to normal health and activities, this anxiety will gradually give way to acceptance. Not only your child, but also you as a parent must come to terms with diabetes. If parents cannot do this, they will have difficulty in helping their child do so.

This is in fact an important task; for you as a parent to help your child accept his or her diabetes.

Avoid pity

A natural reaction of most parents is one of sympathy for their child when they contemplate the prospect of lifetime insulin injections and diet restriction.

Perhaps you have worried about your child having to face the possibility of illness and insulin reactions, of the stigma of a chronic disorder, and having to fit in with school and social life.

Your child needs you to express confidence about him

However you will realize the need to try to resolve these anxieties so that they do not upset your child. He will be helped best if you can express confidence; confidence in his health, in your own ability to cope with his treatment, and confidence in the future.

Naturally you will feel sympathetic, but you must face the fact that pity will not help your child. The child needs his parents to care about him, but not ever to pity him. He wants his parents to know what he has to put up with in the way of needles and restrictions, but not to feel sorry for him because of it.

Other relatives can help too

You may wonder how to talk to grandparents, who may also be upset or worried about diabetes.

Avoid special attentions and favours.

In your discussion with relatives, you may point out that special favours and fussing will be harmful in the long run – and not fair to the child’s brothers and sisters either. Relatives, who tend to reward children with sweets and cakes and special puddings when they visit, will want to think of other methods of giving treats – perhaps savory foods, outings and games may replace sugary foods – and be better for all the family.

That is not saying that children with diabetes must be denied all party foods and sweets. Low calorie soft drinks, ice-cream, chocolate, jellies, pies, cocktail sausages can all be taken at parties provided allowance is made where necessary. Discuss this with your dietitian.

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DIABETES IN CHILDREN: INSULIN HYPOGLYCEMIC REACTIONS

What is an insulin hypoglycemic reaction?

The term ‘insulin hypoglycemic reaction’ means the reaction of the body to an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood, due to the over effect of insulin. Abbreviations sometimes used are ‘hypo’ or ‘reaction’ or ‘insulin shock’. Literally, ‘hypo’ means below, or low, and glycaemic means sugar in the blood.

Because this may be experienced occasionally by any child with diabetes, you should know about the reasons for it developing, the signs of such a reaction, and its proper treatment.

The cause of a hypo reaction

What causes a hypo reaction?

If there is more insulin circulating in the body than is required at the time, the quantity of glucose in the blood will fall. This may occur if the insulin administered was greater than the needed dose or if less food than normal has been eaten, so that there is less glucose in the blood for the insulin to act on. A digestive upset may lead to the food not being absorbed fully. Or perhaps the child has had some unusual activity – a game of football for example – and used up more glucose than usual as extra energy expenditure.

There are also other things which can alter the body’s need for insulin, such as the state of general health, the presence of infections, rapid growth, emotional upsets and worry. Factors such as these may change and at times lead to a changing need for insulin. Thus there are many possible reasons why a child with diabetes may have an insulin reaction.

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CHOLESTEROL: POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS OF STATIN DRUGS

Raised liver enzymes: Statins can cause some inflammation and damage to your liver, thereby giving you raised liver enzymes. For this reason it is recommended that your doctor orders a blood test called a liver function test before you start taking a statin, and 12 weeks later. You are more likely to have raised liver enzymes if you take a statin along with another cholesterol lowering drug at the same time, such as Lopid (gemfibrozil) or niacin (vitamin B3) at high, prescription doses.

The irony is that many people who are put on statin drugs have a fatty liver and may already have raised liver enzymes. If you carry excess weight over your abdominal area, especially your upper abdomen, it is quite likely that you have a fatty liver. People with a fatty liver have an excessive amount of inflammation in their liver, and statin drugs will worsen this. Because the liver is the main site of cholesterol production, the reason your cholesterol is high is because your liver is dysfunctional. Taking a statin drug does nothing to improve your liver health, it does the opposite and worsens liver disease.

Therese in Western Australia has tried three different statins: Pravachol, Zocor and Lipitor. Therese recalled “All three drugs seem to raise my (liver) enzyme levels and now I have given up with feeling so lousy”. She experienced “constant pain in my legs from the knee down, and a constant feeling of weakness in my calf muscles. I also feel nausea not long after taking the tablet”.

Muscle soreness and weakness: Statins can cause muscle pain and tenderness, called statin myopathy. The pharmaceutical industry claims that only two to three percent of people experience muscle pain, but reality may be quite different. Dr Beatrice Golomb, MD, Ph D from the University of California, San Diego, USA is conducting a study funded by the National Institute of Health on the side effects of statins. She has found that 98 percent of patients taking Lipitor suffer with muscle problems.

You are more likely to experience this side effect if you regularly exercise, as Co Enzyme Q10, which is depleted by statin drugs is needed for muscles to contract. People who take statins usually take a lot longer to recover from exercise than people who don’t; they experience muscle pain for several days afterwards. Fibromyalgia is usually aggravated by statins also.

Statins are capable of causing a much more severe form of myopathy called rhabdomyolysis. This is where muscle cells break down and release a protein called myoglobulin into the bloodstream. Myoglobulin can impair kidney function and cause kidney failure, with eventual death. Certain medications increase the risk of developing rhabdomyolysis if taken with statins; these include:

•     Fibrates (another type of cholesterol lowering drug)

•     Erythromycin (an antibiotic)

•     Antifungal medications

•     Niacin at high, prescription doses

•     Cyclosporine (an anti-rejection drug for patients who have had an organ donation).

You can have a blood test to see if statins are causing muscle damage; a substance called creatine kinase (CK) will be elevated. However, many people experience muscle pain and tenderness even if their creatine kinase levels are normal. Patients who experience muscle pain and muscle damage from statins may never fully recover; in some cases the myopathy is not reversible.

June from Victoria could not tolerate statin drugs because of the myopathy they caused. According to June, “I stopped taking my cholesterol lowering medication (Lipex) because it made the muscles in the back of my legs so painful that I could not go for my morning walk.” Hal in the UK had a much worse experience. He was 32 years of age, with a diagnosed fatty liver and raised liver enzymes when his doctor put him on a low dose of Lipitor (l0 mg). It was after the first week of taking Lipitor that he started to experience “an unbelievable fatigue”. According to Hal, “Walking became almost impossible, and if I did decide to walk to the end of the garden I had to crawl. My sister remarked that I had become an old man within a week”. Hal immediately stopped taking Lipitor and decided to tackle his high cholesterol with diet and nutritional supplements. His liver enzymes are now normal, and his cholesterol is down to a healthy 5.3mmol/L.

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FEMALE METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION: LONGER-ACTING METHODS, INFRA-UTERINE DEVICES

Longer-acting methods (Depo Provera, Noristerat)

Depo Provera is synthetic progesterone which is given by injection, usually in the buttock muscle. It is slowly absorbed over the next three months and ovulation is stopped. Its use has been controversial but in 1984 in the UK it was granted a license for long-term use and is slowly becoming more available. Most family-planning experts don’t see this as a first-choice contraceptive.

Advantages

•     A four-times-a-year injection renders the woman contraceptively safe.

•     It is suitable for poorly-motivated women and those of low intelligence who would find other methods difficult to remember.

Disadvantages

•     There are several side-effects including irregular and frequent bleeding, weight gain and delays in return to fertility.

Noristerat is a similar type of hormone that lasts for two months. It is used after a man’s vasectomy to tide the woman over the vulnerable time while she needs contraceptive cover.

Infra-uterine devices (IUD, coil, loop)

An IUD works by preventing the newly-fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus. There are several types and your doctor or clinic will advise you which is best for you. Plastic types can be left in indefinitely but copper-containing ones should be changed every 2-3 years. IUDs used to be suitable only for women who had had children but today versions are available even for those that have not.

Advantages

•     Once in place it can be forgotten, except for feeling inside each month after a period to ensure that the tail or string coming out of the cervix is still there. If you can’t feel it, see your doctor at once and use another method of contraception in the meantime.

•     It doesn’t interfere with love-making and you don’t have to buy replacements.

• IUDs have no bad effects on hormones or on the body generally. They do, however, have local side-effects-see below.

•     It can, if inserted in the first few days after unprotected intercourse, act as an abortion-producing agent. It is used in this way as a post-coital contraceptive.

Disadvantages

•     Subclinical pelvic infections can cause infertility in a proportion of women.

•     During insertion there is a danger of the device being pushed through the uterine wall into the abdominal cavity.

•     It can be expelled without the woman knowing it.

•     The long-term effects of many years of irritation to the lining of the uterus are not known.

•     Tubal (ectopic) pregnancies are more common in IUD users. The IUD should be removed immediately a pregnancy is confirmed.

•     Heavy periods and ‘spotting’ are not uncommon.

•     Some men complain of feeling the tail or string during intercourse.

•     It has to be put in by an expert in the first place and there can be quite a lot of pain for a few hours after its insertion.

•     You have to go back 2-4 weeks after insertion to see your doctor.

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